After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best THEORIES. However, at any point, some THEORIES will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information ABOUT constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the THEORIES in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible THEORIES, especially in the current setting in which social MEDIA play an important role

1. Introduction: Meat is one of the most important foods in balanced diet of human beings. It is the main source of proteins with high biological value, vitamin B and minerals particularly iron. It is stated that humans have been hunting animals and consuming meat since prehistoric times. Today, domestic animals such as cow, sheep, goat and camel are being slaughtered for using the meat in all over the world. In holy Quran and Hadith, there are some orders followed by Muslims. Hence, meat is authorized for consumption when it is Halal condition, meaning lawful and legal. In the present study, some THEORIES ABOUT the EFFECTS of Islamic orders on hygiene of meat are discussed.By referring to Islamic sources, five important religious orders pertaining to animal slaughtering are obtained.

Rational discussion guides, but does not compel individual decisions, and the best process of inquiry and decision should vary with a person’s goals and situation. Sir Karl Popper noted that after a result of observation or experiment has been obtained by independent researchers, scientists agree to reject as false THEORIES that are contradicted by accepted facts. Popper, though, wrongly assumed this consensus also applies to acceptance for purposes of research. In reality researchers develop competing THEORIES ABOUT which evidence is currently in conflict, and sometimes even refuting the THEORIES in their current form. Further, Popper asserted that only negative arguments should be used in rational inquiry. In reality, productive inquiry involves also positive arguments, even in science. Positive considerations such as which basic THEORIES are justified by the researcher’s preferred metaphysics, or what THEORIES in applied science are justified by existing accepted basic THEORIES, are also used productively

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many EFFECTS and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social EFFECTS of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

چکیدهبا توجه به پیوستگی دین و رسانه در ایران و نیز توجهات گسترده نظری به مبحث رسانه دینی در سال های اخیر و نیز با در نظر گرفتن اهمیت فهم و ایضاح مفهومی«رسانه دینی» در این پژوهش به تحلیل مقالات ایرانی درباره رسانه دینی پرداخته شده است.در این مرور نظام-مند دلالت های ضمنی و بعضا صریح نویسندگان درباره رسانه دینی مورد نظر بوده و چگونگی فضای مفهومی و فکری این مقالات و نویسندگان شانرمورد توجه قرار گرفته است.بنابر این سوال اساسی این تحقیق آن است که به لحاظ مفهومی چه تلقی از مفهوم رسانه دینی در میان تحقیقات ایرانی و میان صاحبنظران عرصه دین و رسانه وجود دارد؟ به همین منظور پس از مروری بر نظریه های سه گانه دین و رسانه با استفاده از نگاهی فراتحلیلی،همه مقالات ایرانی مرتبط با موضوع و در حیطه جستجوی نویسنده مبنای کار قرار گرفته است.یافته های تحقیق در چهار محور شامل مسایل و موضوعات پژوهش ها،وجود/امکان رسانه دینی،تعریف رسانه دینی،نوع رسانه مورد نظر پژوهش ها،و نوع دین مورد توجه پژوهش ها ارایه شده است.نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که نگاه کلی حاکم بر تحقیقات ایرانی در حیطه رسانه دینی،نگاهی هنجاری با رویکرد و مبنای نظری ابزارگرایانه است.این نگاه در همه حیطه های مسایل و موضوعات،وجود و امکان رسانه دینی،تعریف رسانه دینی،مصداق و مفهوم رسانه و نیز دین،و همچنین در مبناها و رویکردهای نظری پژوهش ها خود را نشان می دهد.

The paper deals with a particular group of objections against representational THEORIES ABOUT phenomenal experiences. The author, primarily, illustrates the importance of representational THEORIES and clarifies some helpful categories of representational versions which has used in the paper. Then, it focuses on an especial group of objections against the inclusion of these THEORIES. This group of objections undermines the inclusion of representationalism ABOUT "bodily sensations" and "intentional states". Opponents, in fact, make some doubts that representational approach cannot explain the phenomenal character of bodily sensations and intentional states. The paper has described these two difficulties, the first one has been discussed among scholars and the later represented by the author. It, finally, peruses the actual and potential responses of representationalists and, then, concludes that representational THEORIES can come over the objections ABOUT bodily sensations, but they should give some explaination in order to unravel the objections ABOUT intentional states.

Criticizing and discussing MEDIA technology THEORIES which are predominant in Para-Communicational literature, would help MEDIA scholars to better understand the nature of modern MEDIA. Although instrumentalism is an outdated approach in epistemological studies of MEDIA, it is still applied in communication THEORIES. Determinism in different forms such as technological autonomy, technological necessity, technical evolutionism, and MEDIA technologies as the only cause of all social changes has simply remained as a claim. However, there are some determinists who reject the ultimate importance and influence of MEDIA technologies and do consider some roles for MEDIA spaces, too. Social structuralism as the latest post-determinism theory, tries to shed light on ambiguities and exaggerations which were presented by instrumentalism and determinism supporters, during the last century, moreover, it confirms the influence of technology on society and asserts that MEDIA technologies have emerged from a social historical context. This paper criticizes two main paradigms in communication studies and emphasizes on social structuralism as an alternative theory.

Objective: People who have higher social health can more successfully deal with the challenges and ups and downs of playing key social roles and participate more in collective activities and prevent social deviations and anomalies. In this regard, foresight and the development of a forward-looking strategy model by the MEDIA can play an important role in promoting the social health of their audience (individuals).Method: This research has been done qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative phase, content analysis and Q methods were used, and in the quantitative phase, factor analysis was used to analyze the Q method data.Results: The content analysis of the MEDIA in this study showed that the most MEDIA production in the field of social deviations with 576 cases and the lowest MEDIA production in the field of violence with 237 cases. The field of social quality with 485 and the field of social issues with 312 cases are in the second and third ranks. A small questionnaire was made and based on it, the desired model was designed using PLS software. Conclusion: This model showed that the function of MEDIA is effective in promoting social health of society and can have the greatest impact on improving quality of life, reducing violence, reducing social deviations and social issues.

Getting familiar with the field of communication and MEDIA and understanding that it is one of the important reasons for social and cultural formations requires theorizing, re-identifying and re-examining the theory. The purpose of this article is to examine the status of social-behavioral mass communication THEORIES in the environment of new MEDIA. This has been followed by using the documentary method. At first, the bases and fields of theorizing differences in new MEDIA and mass MEDIA have been identified according to four categories of socio-behavioral THEORIES including: communication content, audience, communication tools and impact study. Then taking into account the historical roots and the contexts of the formation of each theory, the status of the THEORIES of use and consent, highlighting, framing, the spiral of silence has been examined and the new concepts added to these THEORIES have been discussed. According to the findings, it can be stated that each of these THEORIES have been developed in the environment of new MEDIA according to their conditions in a range from high to low, in the sense that the mentioned THEORIES, while maintaining their main idea, are influenced by different bases and fields of new MEDIAs .

The present article aims at assessing the role of MEDIA (written, audio, visual, and electronic) in management of crises from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to answer the following question: theoretically speaking, what is the position of MEDIA in managing a crisis and how the THEORIES in this regard explain the role of MEDIA in crisis management? Today, one of the important components in managing crisis is MEDIA. Understanding the interaction between these two systems is also of the significant duties of researchers. The author of this article examines these issues: A) MEDIA playa key role in formation of public opinions. B) This role could be explained by different THEORIES. C) MEDIA have the potential to produce, disseminate and channel opinions; therefore, it can be employed as a tool for managing crises.